practicle electronics handbook

practicle electronics handbook download free

P

RACTICAL ELECTRONICS

H

ANDBOOK

S

IXTH EDITION

I

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C

ONTENTS

Preface xiii

Introduction: Mathematical Conventions xv

C

HAPTER 1 Resistors 1

Passive components 1

Resistors 2

Resistivity 3

Resistivity calculations 4

Resistor construction 7

Tolerances and E-series 9

Resistance value coding 10

Surface mounted resistors 13

Resistor characteristics 13

Dissipation and temperature rise 17

Variables and laws 18

Resistors in circuit 19

Kirchoff’s laws 20

The superposition theorem 21

Thevenin’s theorem 23

Thermistors 24

Variation of resistance with temperature 26

C

HAPTER 2 Capacitors 29

Capacitance 29

The parallel-plate capacitor 29

Construction 31

Other capacitor characteristics 36

Energy and charge storage 39

Time constants 39

Reactance 43

CR circuits 45

C

HAPTER 3 Inductive and Tuned Circuit Components 47

Inductors 47

Transformers 51

vi

Contents

Signal-matching transformers 54

Mains transformers 57

Other transformer types 61

Surface-mounted inductors 62

Inductance calculations 64

Untuned transformers 67

Inductive reactance 68

LCR circuits 68

Coupled tuned circuits 73

Quartz crystals 76

Temperature effects 79

Wave filters 79

C

HAPTER 4 Chemical Cells and Batteries 83

Introduction 83

Primary and secondary cells 84

Battery connections 85

Simple cell 87

The Leclanché cell 89

The alkaline primary cells 92

Miniature (button) cells 94

Lithium cells 95

Secondary cells 99

Nickel–cadmium cells 104

Lithium-ion rechargeable cells 107

C

HAPTER 5 Active Discrete Components 111

Diodes 111

Varactor diodes 115

Schottky diodes 116

LEDs 116

Photodiodes 117

Transient voltage suppressors (TVS) 120

Typical diode circuits 122

Transistors 122

Bias for linear amplifiers 128

Transistor parameters and linear

amplifier gain 132

Transistor packaging 136

Noise 137

Voltage gain 137

Contents

vii

Other bipolar transistor types 138

Darlington pair circuit 139

Field-effect transistors 139

FET handling problems 143

Negative feedback 144

Heatsinks 148

Switching circuits 150

Other switching devices 154

Diode and transistor coding 160

C

HAPTER 6 Linear ICs 163

Overview 163

The 741 op-amp 165

Gain and bandwidth 165

Offset 166

Bias methods 167

Basic circuits 168

General notes on op-amp circuits 171

Modern op-amps 172

Other operational amplifier circuits 173

Current differencing amplifiers 176

Other linear amplifier ICs 176

Phase-locked loops 180

Waveform generators 183

Active and switched capacitor filters 185

Voltage regulator ICs 189

Adjustable regulator circuits 191

The 555 timer 193

C

HAPTER 7 Familiar Linear Circuits 197

Overview 197

Discrete transistor circuits 197

Audio circuits 202

Simple active filters 204

Circuits for audio output stages 207

Class D amplifiers 211

Wideband voltage amplification circuits 214

Sine wave and other oscillator circuits 216

Other crystal oscillators 217

Astable, monostable and bistable circuits 223

Radio-frequency circuits 226

Modulation circuits 230

viii

Contents

Optical circuits 232

Linear power supply circuits 233

Switch-mode power supplies 236

C

HAPTER 8 Sensors and Transducers 243

Introduction 243

Strain and pressure 244

Direction and motion 246

Light, UV and IR radiation 251

Temperature 255

Sound 260

C

HAPTER 9 Digital Logic 265

Introduction 265

Logic families 269

Other logic families 273

Combinational logic 274

Number bases 276

Sequential logic 277

Counters and dividers 283

C

HAPTER 10 Programmable Devices 289

Memory 289

Read-only memory (ROM) 290

Programmable read-only memory (PROM) 291

Volatile memory (RAM) 294

Programmable logic 296

Complex programmable logic

devices (CPLD) 299

Field programmable gate array (FPGA) 300

Hardware description language (HDL) 301

Other programmable devices 302

Other applications of memory devices 303

Useful websites 305

C

HAPTER 11 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers 307

Introduction 307

Binary stored program computers 308

Von Neumann and Harvard architecture 311

Microprocessor systems 314

Power-up reset and program execution 317

Contents

ix

Programming 318

The ARM processor 320

Developing microprocessor hardware 322

Electromagnetic compatibility 325

Microcontroller manufacturers 325

C

HAPTER 12 Microprocessor Interfacing 327

Output circuits 327

Display devices 327

Light-emitting diode (LED) displays 327

Liquid crystal displays (LCDs) 332

Input circuits 338

Switches 338

C

HAPTER 13 Data Converters 343

Introduction 343

Digital-to-analogue converters (DACs) 344

Digital potentiometer 345

Binary weighted resistor converter 345

The R2R ladder 347

Charge distribution DAC 348

Pulse width modulator 349

Reconstruction filter 350

Analogue-to-digital converters 351

Resolution and quantization 352

Sampling 356

Aliasing 356

Successive approximation

analogue-to-digital converter 358

Sigma–delta ADC (over sampling

or bitstream converter) 360

Dual-slope ADC 361

Voltage references for analogue-to-digital

converters 362

PCB layout 363

Connecting a serial ADC to a PC 363

Useful websites 367

C

HAPTER 14 Transferring Digital Data 369

Introduction 369

Parallel transfer 370

IEEE 1284 Centronics printer interface 371

x

Contents

The IEEE-488 bus 374

Serial transfer 379

EIA/TIA 232E serial interface 379

RS-422/RS-485 387

Wireless links 390

Infra-red 390

Audio frequency signalling 391

Base-band signalling 391

Error detection and correction 396

Useful websites 398

C

HAPTER 15 Microcontroller Applications 399

Introduction 399

Configuration 401

Clock 401

Internal RC oscillator 402

Watchdog and sleep 404

Power-up reset 405

Setting up I/O ports 407

Integrated peripherals 410

Counter timer 410

Pulse width modulator 411

Serial interfaces 412

UART/USART 412

SPI/I

Interrupts 419

Implementing serial output in software 420

Converting binary data to ASCII hex 422

Useful websites 424

2C Bus 413

C

HAPTER 16 Digital Signal Processing 425

Introduction 425

Low-pass and high-pass filters 426

Finite impulse response (FIR) filters 431

Quantization 432

Saturated arithmetic 432

Truncation 433

Bandpass and notch filters 434

Infinite impulse response (IIR) filters 434

Other applications 436

Design tools 437

Further reading 438

Contents

xi

C

HAPTER 17 Computer Aids to Circuit Design 439

Introduction 439

Schematic capture 440

Libraries 441

Connections 446

Net names 447

Virtual wiring 448

Net lists 451

Printing 454

Simulation 455

Analysis 456

DC Analysis 457

Temperature sweep 459

AC Analysis 461

Transient analysis 462

PCB layout 467

Design rules 472

Gerber and NC drill file checking 477

Desktop routing machines 477

Useful websites 479

C

HAPTER 18 Connectors, Prototyping and Mechanical Construction 481

Hardware 481

Video connectors 486

Audio connectors 487

Control knobs and switches 492

Switches 493

Cabinets and cases 496

Handling 497

Heat dissipation 500

Constructing circuits 501

Soldering and unsoldering 508

Desoldering 512

Other soldering tools 514

C

HAPTER 19 Testing and Troubleshooting 517

Introduction 517

Test equipment 517

Test leads 517

Power supplies and battery packs 518

Digital multimeters 519

LCR meter 522

xii

Contents

Oscilloscope 522

Signal generator 526

Temperature testing 527

Mains work 527

Testing 529

Further reading 530

Appendix A Standard Metric Wire Table 531

Appendix B Arithmatic and Logic Instructions Table 533

Appendix C Hex record formats 537

Appendix D Gerber data format 543

Appendix E Pinout information links 553

Appendix F SMT packages and guides 555

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AN R. SINCLAIR AND JOHN DUNTON